The Effect of Combined Exposure of Fusarium Mycotoxins on Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Defense, Fatty Acid Profile, and Histopathology in Laying Hens' Liver.

Fumonisin B1, T-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol are frequently detected in feed materials. The mycotoxins induce free radical formation and, thereby, lipid peroxidation. The effects of mycotoxin exposure at the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON = 3AcDON/15-AScDON: 5 mg/kg; fumonisin B1: 20 mg/kg) and double dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 10 mg, and FB1: 40 mg/kg feed) were investigated during short-term (3 days) per os exposure in the liver of laying hens. On day 1 higher while on day 3 lower MDA concentrations were found in the low-dose group compared to the control. Fatty acid composition also changed: the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p < 0.05) and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased by day 3. These alterations resulted in a decrease in the index of unsaturation and average fatty acid chain length. Histopathological alterations suggested that the incidence and severity of liver lesions were higher in the mycotoxin-treated laying hens, and the symptoms correlated with the fatty acid profile of total phospholipids. Overall, the findings revealed that mycotoxin exposure, even at the EU-recommended limits, induced lipid peroxidation in the liver, which led to changes in fatty acid composition, matched with tissue damage.

Population Subdivision and Migration Assessment of Mangalica Pig Breeds Based on Pedigree Analysis.

In conserving the genetic diversity of domestic animal breeds, strategies that emphasise between-breed diversity may not be optimal, as they neglect within-breed variation. The aim of the present study was to assess the extent of population subdivision in three Mangalica pig breeds and the contribution of migration to their substructure. Wright's FST coefficient was calculated based on genealogical data with breeding animals born between 1981 and 2023, with three colour variants (Blonde, Swallow-Belly and Red). These Wright's FST coefficients were analysed using multidimensional scaling to reveal the population substructure. The average FST coefficient was 0.04 for the Blonde breed and 0.047 for the Swallow-Belly and Red Mangalica breeds, while these parameters were lower in the active herds at 0.03 and 0.04, respectively. The migration of individuals between herds was 61.63% for the Blonde breed and 75.53% and 63.64% for the Swallow-Belly and Red Magalica breeds, respectively. No population substructure was observed in any of the Mangalica breeds, which can be explained by the extensive migration between herds.

The effects of fumonisin B1 at the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) and 5-times above on the renal histology and lipidome of rats.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) mycotoxin was intraperitoneally (IP) administered at the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL = 0.2 mg/kg BW/day as IP equivalent, "L") and 5-times above ("H") to male rats, in a controlled ("C"), 5-day study (n = 10/group, total n = 30). BW (bodyweight) of H rats decreased after day 4, kidney weight after 5 days. Renal histology revealed tubular epithelial desquamation, tubular dilatation, nuclear swelling, pale chromatin, cell vacuolation and casual karyopycnosis (H). Lipidomic analysis was performed with liquid chromatography - time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF). Renal sphinganine (Sa) concentration increased 500 (L) to 1000-fold (H) and Sa-1-P to over 200 and 350-fold, respectively), with FB1 dose-dependence. Renal triacyclglycerols, diacylglycerols, ceramides and sphingomyelins were depleted, while cholesterol and cholesterol ester concentrations increased. Spearman correlation of free sphingoid bases (Sa, Sa-1-P, sphingosine (So) and So-1-P) was positive with histopathological damage severity, sphingomyelins and ceramides provided negative relationship (-0.78 and -0.8, resp.). Two-way cluster analysis and sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) was used for experimental group classification. Fully effective group separation was achieved for ceramides, sphingomyelins and phosphatidyl-cholines, highlighting molecular species of possible diagnostic value. Lipidomic results highlight possible re-consideration of the NOAEL.

Usage of high-flow oxygen therapy outside the intensive care unit: a possibility to delay or prevent the need for mechanical ventilation among COVID-19 patients / Nagy áramlású oxigénnel végzett terápia az intenzív osztály keretein kívül alkalmazva: lehetoség a gépi lélegeztetés késleltetésére vagy elkerülésére COVID­19-ben

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés és célkituzés: Szakirodalmi adatok a súlyos lefolyású COVID-19 terápiájában a noninvazív megoldások elonyét jelezték a prompt invazív megoldásokhoz képest. A COVID-19-pandémia drámai helyzetében felmerült a nagy áramlású oxigénnel (HFO) végzett terápia alkalmazásának létjogosultsága az intenzív terápiás osztály (ITO) keretein kívül. A szerzok a súlyos hypoxiával érkezo páciensek számára a "high-flow" kezelés legjobb orvosi gyakorlatát keresték. Módszer: Áttekintették a COVID-19-pandémia elso három hullámában a Somogy Megyei Kaposi Mór Oktató Kórház Infektológiai Osztályán HFO-val kezelt páciensek dokumentációját (n = 193). Nemparaméteres statisztikai módszerekkel elemezték a HFO-kezelés elott és alatt mért oxigénszaturáció-értékeket, a HFO-kezeléssel töltött napok számát és az egyes páciensek kórlefolyásának kimenetelét: a hazabocsátást, az ITO-ra áthelyezést vagy a halálozást mint három lehetséges végpontot megjelölve. Külön értékelték a harmadik hullám idoszakát (a standard terápia ekkorra kialakult). Eredmények: A járvány elorehaladtával a MET- (Medical Emergency Team) rendszer igénybevétele 811%-ra emelkedett, a HFO-készülékek száma 567%-kal nott. A COVID-19-protokoll szerinti kezelés mellett HFO-terápiára szoruló páciensek 18,7%-a invazív megoldást elkerülve, gyógyultan távozhatott, optimális terhelés és szakmai tapasztalat mellett ez az arány elérte a 36%-ot is. A hazabocsátható páciensek csoportjában a kezdeti szaturációk medián értéke 78%, a teljes HFO-kezelés ideje 8,5 nap volt. A páciensek 1%-ában pneumothoraxot, pneumomediastinumot észleltek. A végül közvetlenül hazabocsátható, illetve ITO-ra került páciensek kezdeti oxigénszaturáció-értékének különbsége nem bizonyult szignifikánsnak. Következtetés: A jelen közlemény is alátámasztja, hogy a kezdeti alacsony szaturációérték önmagában nem jelenti az invazív beavatkozás létjogosultságát ebben a kórképben. "High-flow" kezeléseket az intenzíves kezelés eloszobájaként nem intenzíves szakemberek is végezhetnek COVID-19-betegekben, rendszeres intenzíves konzultáció mellett, hogy a HFO-kezelés melletti rosszabbodás minél inkább felfedezheto legyen. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(7): 254-266. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have shown the advantage of non-invasive over prompt invasive approaches in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. The dramatic situation of the pandemic raised the legitimacy of using high-flow oxygen therapy (HFO) outside the intensive care unit (ICU). The authors investigated ways of its best practice. METHOD: They retrospectively analysed documentation of patients receiving HFO in the first three waves of the pandemic on the Infectious Diseases' Ward (n = 193), to record oxygen saturation levels before and during HFO, number of treatment days. Discharge at home, transfer to intensive care unit and death were chosen as the three possible endpoints. The period of the third wave (standard therapy established) was analysed separately. RESULTS: As the pandemic progressed, the usage of MET (Medical Emergency Team) grew to 811%, the number of HFO devices grew by 567%. With concomitant standard COVID-19 therapy, 18.7% of the patients requiring HFO could be discharged home, avoiding invasive solutions. With optimal workload and experience, this ratio reached 36%. Among patients later discharged home, the median oxygen saturation before HFO was 78%, the total time with HFO was 8,5 days. The occurrence of pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum was 1%. The difference in oxygen saturation before HFO between the patients later discharged home and those transferred to ICU was not significant. CONCLUSION: The results support the assumption that low oxygen saturation at admission does not inevitably require invasive intervention in COVID-19 patients, high-flow oxygen therapy can also be performed by non-ICU professionals as ante-room to the ICU, under regular supervision by ICU experts, so that the deterioriation of the patients' condition is discovered appropriately. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(7): 254-266.

Effects of Long-Term Selection in the Border Collie Dog Breed: Inbreeding Purge of Canine Hip and Elbow Dysplasia.

Pedigree data of 13,339 border collie dog was collected along with canine hip dysplasia (CHD) and canine elbow dysplasia (CED) records (1352 CHD and 524 CED), and an inbreeding-purging (IP) model was created. Ancestral inbreeding coefficients were calculated by using a gene dropping simulation method with GRain 2.2 software. Cumulative logit models (CLM) for CHD and CED were fitted using a logit-link Poisson distribution and the classical (F_W), and ancestral inbreeding (F_BAL, F_KAL, and F_KAL_NEW) coefficients as linear regression coefficients. The effective population size was calculated from F_W and decreased in the examined period along with an increase of F_W; however, slight differences were found as a consequence of breeding dog imports. CHD values were lowered by the expansion of F_BAL, as the alleles had been inbred in the past. For CHD, signs of purging were obtained. There was a positive trend regarding the breeding activity (both sire and dam of the future litters should be screened and certified free from CHD and CED), as years of selection increased the frequency of alleles with favorable hip and elbow conformation. Division of the ancestral inbreeding coefficient showed that alleles that had been identical by descent (IBD) for the first time (F_KAL_NEW) had a negative effect on both traits, while F_KAL has shown favorable results for alleles IBD in past generations. Some authors had proven this phenomenon in captive populations or experimental conditions; however, no evidence of inbreeding purge has ever been described in dog populations. Despite the various breeding practices, it seems that alleles of these polygenic disorders could be successfully purged out of the population with long-term selection.

Inbreeding depression for kit survival at birth in a rabbit population under long-term selection.

BACKGROUND: Accumulation of detrimental mutations in small populations leads to inbreeding depression of fitness traits and a higher frequency of genetic defects, thus increasing risk of extinction. Our objective was to quantify the magnitude of inbreeding depression for survival at birth, in a closed rabbit population under long-term selection. METHODS: We used an information theory-based approach and multi-model inference to estimate inbreeding depression and its purging with respect to the trait 'kit survival at birth' over a 25-year period in a closed population of Pannon White rabbits, by analysing 22,718 kindling records. Generalised linear mixed models based on the logit link function were applied, which take polygenic random effects into account. RESULTS: Our results indicated that inbreeding depression occurred during the period 1992-1997, based on significant estimates of the z-standardised classical inbreeding coefficient z.FL (CI95% - 0.12 to - 0.03) and of the new inbreeding coefficient of the litter z.FNEWL (CI95% - 0.13 to - 0.04) as well as a 59.2% reduction in contributing founders. Inbreeding depression disappeared during the periods 1997-2007 and 2007-2017. For the period 1992-1997, the best model resulted in a significantly negative standardised estimate of the new inbreeding coefficient of the litter and a significantly positive standardised estimate of Kalinowski's ancestral inbreeding coefficient of the litter (CI95% 0.01 to 0.17), which indicated purging of detrimental load. Kindling season and parity had effects on survival at birth that differed across the three periods of 1992-1997, 1997-2007 and 2007-2017. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the existence of inbreeding depression and its purging with respect to kit survival at birth in this Pannon White rabbit population. However, we were unable to exclude possible confounding from the effects of parity and potentially other environmental factors during the study period, thus our results need to be extended and confirmed in other populations.

Interaction between the three frequently co-occurring Fusarium mycotoxins in rats.

To test the complex, acute biochemical effects of combined, naturally co-occurring fusariotoxins, a 5-day rat study was performed. Mycotoxin treatment was invented by intraperitoneal injection: FB1 (F): 9 µg/animal/day (approx. 30 µg/kg bw/day), DON (D): 16.5 µg/animal/day (approx. 55 µg/kg bw/day) and ZEN (Z): 12.75 µg/animal/day (approx. 42.5 µg/kg bw/day). The binary groups (FB1 and DON [FD], FB1 and ZEN [FZ] and DON and ZEN [DZ]) as well as the ternary (FB1 , DON and ZEN [FDZ]) group were dosed at the same combined level as the individual mycotoxins. Body weight, feed intake and mortality were not affected by any of the treatments. FB1 and DON in combination (FD) increased the plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity synergistically (compared to the individual FB1 and DON). In the liver, both the total glutathione (GSH) and the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were increased (p < 0.05) by the binary FB1 and ZEN (FZ) and the DON and ZEN (DZ) groups as well as the ternary FB1 , DON and ZEA group (FDZ) compared to the control. The GSH level of the ternary group was significantly increased compared to the FB1 group, whereas the GPx activity of the ternary group was significantly increased compared to all three the individual mycotoxin groups. The Bliss independence method revealed synergism between DON and ZEN (DZ), as well as FB1 and DON (FD) on liver GPx activity. None of the toxins alone or in combination exerted strong genotoxicity on lymphocytes, neither on the gross histopathological characteristics. However, even at these low levels acute exposure of more than one of these mycotoxins (FB1 , DON and ZEN) affected metabolic and detoxification changes.

The influence of lifestyle on health behavior and preference for functional foods.

The main objective of this survey is to reveal the relationship between lifestyle, health behavior, and the consumption of functional foods on the basis of Grunert's food-related lifestyle model. In order to achieve this objective, a nationwide representative questionnaire-based survey was launched with 1000 participants in Hungary. The results indicate that a Hungarian consumer makes rational decisions, he or she seeks bargains, and he wants to know whether or not he gets good value for his money. Further on, various lifestyle segments are defined by the authors: the rational, uninvolved, conservative, careless, and adventurous consumer segments. Among these, consumers with a rational approach provide the primary target group for the functional food market, where health consciousness and moderate price sensitivity can be observed together. Adventurous food consumers stand out because they search for novelty; this makes them an equally important target group. Conservative consumers are another, one characterized by positive health behavior. According to the findings of the research, there is a significant relationship between lifestyle, health behavior, and the preference for functional food products.